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Linkerd 2.x With Network Policy

Ivan Sim
10 min readJan 20, 2019

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In this post, we’re going to experiment with deploying Linkerd 2.x to a Kubernetes cluster that uses network policies to govern ingress network traffic between pods.

UPDATE (Sept 24, 2020): The linkerd inject command has since been modified to use the same code path as the auto proxy injection feature. When applying the deny-all-ingress network policy to the linkerd namespace, ensure that traffic from the K8s API server is permitted to port 443 of the proxy injector, service profile validator and tap components.

About Network Policy

A network policy defines ingress and egress rules to control communication between pods in a cluster. It is a namespace-scoped resource. Pods are selected by specifying label selectors in the policy.

By default, there are no restrictions on the pod-to-pod communication within a Kubernetes cluster. Once a pod is selected by a network policy, traffic is accepted and rejected based on the rules defined in the policy.

When using network policy, it is important to ensure that your Kubernetes cluster is deployed with a networking solution that supports network policies.

Cluster Setup

The steps in this post are performed with:

  • Linkerd 2.x edge-19.1.2
  • GKE 1.11.6-gke.0 (which uses Calico to support network policy)

Installation instruction for the Linkerd 2.x CLI can be found here.

The GKE cluster is comprised of 3 nodes in the us-west1 region with network policy enabled. It uses alias IP addresses in the 10.0.0.0/16 range as the pod address range.

Defining The Policies

All the rules in the network policies use the namespaceSelector and podSelector label selectors. The labels specified in the selectors can be changed to suit your convention.

At the time of this writing, there isn’t a convenient way to add new labels to all new and existing the proxies across the entire cluster. See issue #2001.

The following is the list of network policies that are deployed to the cluster.

All namespaces start with the deny-all-ingressnetwork policy which denies all ingress traffic, except for those generated from within the same namespace. It’s not uncommon to see this kind of network policy being used to enforce namespace-based soft multi-tenancy in Kubernetes clusters.

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: deny-all-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}

The allowed-meshed-ingress policy is applied to the linkerd namespace. This policy allows traffic from meshed pods from all namespaces.

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-meshed-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector: {}
      podSelector:
        matchExpressions:
        - key: linkerd.io/proxy-component
          operator: Exists

In the emojivoto application namespace, we add the allow-control-plane-ingress network policy to allow for traffic from the Linkerd control plane. The linkerd.io/control-plane-ns: linkerd selector is an arbitrary choice.

kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-control-plane-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          linkerd.io/control-plane-ns: linkerd

Deploying The Linkerd Control Plane

Create the linkerd namespace, and apply the deny-all-ingress network policy:

$ kubectl create ns linkerd$ cat <<EOF | kubectl -n linkerd apply -f -
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: deny-all-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: {}
EOF

Install the Linkerd control plane with automatic TLS enabled:

$ linkerd install --tls=optional | kubectl apply -f -

Run some checks on the control plane:

$ linkerd check 
kubernetes-api 
-------------- 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the Kubernetes API 
 
kubernetes-version 
------------------ 
✔ is running the minimum Kubernetes API version 
 
linkerd-existence 
----------------- 
✔ control plane namespace exists 
✔ controller pod is running 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the control plane API 
 
linkerd-api 
----------- 
✔ control plane pods are ready 
✔ can query the control plane API 
✔ [kubernetes] control plane can talk to Kubernetes 
✔ [prometheus] control plane can talk to Prometheus 
 
linkerd-service-profile 
----------------------- 
✔ no invalid service profiles 
 
linkerd-version 
--------------- 
✔ can determine the latest version 
✔ cli is up-to-date 
 
control-plane-version 
--------------------- 
✔ control plane is up-to-date 
 
Status check results are ✔

Run check on the data plane:

$ linkerd check -n linkerd --proxy 
kubernetes-api 
-------------- 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the Kubernetes API 
 
kubernetes-version 
------------------ 
✔ is running the minimum Kubernetes API version 
 
linkerd-existence 
----------------- 
✔ control plane namespace exists 
✔ controller pod is running 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the control plane API 
 
linkerd-api 
----------- 
✔ control plane pods are ready 
✔ can query the control plane API 
✔ [kubernetes] control plane can talk to Kubernetes 
✔ [prometheus] control plane can talk to Prometheus 
 
linkerd-service-profile 
----------------------- 
✔ no invalid service profiles 
 
linkerd-version 
--------------- 
✔ can determine the latest version 
✔ cli is up-to-date 
 
linkerd-data-plane 
------------------ 
✔ data plane namespace exists 
✔ data plane proxies are ready 
✔ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus 
✔ data plane is up-to-date 
 
Status check results are ✔

Launch the Linkerd dashboard.

$ linkerd dashboard

It looks like everything is working 👍.

To see the effect of the deny-all-ingress network policy, use a curl pod to access the Linkerd controller API from within and outside of the linkerd namespace:

# run curl in the linkerd namespace
$ kubectl -n linkerd run curl --image=appropriate/curl --rm -it --restart=Never --command -- curl -o - linkerd-controller-api.linkerd:8085POST required # response# run curl in the default namespace 
$ kubectl -n default run curl --image=appropriate/curl --rm -it --restart=Never --command -- curl -o - linkerd-controller-api.linkerd:8085
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. 
curl: (7) Failed to connect to linkerd-controller-api.linkerd port 8085: Operation timed out 
pod default/curl terminated (Error)

Deploying The Application

Create the emojivoto namespace and apply the same deny-all-ingress network policy to it.

$ kubectl create ns emojivoto$ cat <<EOF | kubectl -n emojivoto apply -f -
kind: NetworkPolicy 
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1 
metadata: 
  name: deny-all-ingress 
spec: 
  podSelector: {} 
  ingress: 
  - from: 
    - podSelector: {}
EOF

Deploy and mesh the emojivoto application.

$ curl -sL https://run.linkerd.io/emojivoto.yml | linkerd inject --tls=optional - | kubectl apply -f -

Run a check on the proxies in the emojivoto namespace.

$ linkerd check -n emojivoto --proxy 
kubernetes-api 
-------------- 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the Kubernetes API 
 
kubernetes-version 
------------------ 
✔ is running the minimum Kubernetes API version 
 
linkerd-existence 
----------------- 
✔ control plane namespace exists 
✔ controller pod is running 
✔ can initialize the client 
✔ can query the control plane API 
 
linkerd-api 
----------- 
✔ control plane pods are ready 
✔ can query the control plane API 
✔ [kubernetes] control plane can talk to Kubernetes 
✔ [prometheus] control plane can talk to Prometheus 
 
linkerd-service-profile 
----------------------- 
✔ no invalid service profiles 
 
linkerd-version 
--------------- 
✔ can determine the latest version 
✔ cli is up-to-date 
 
linkerd-data-plane 
------------------ 
✔ data plane namespace exists 
✔ data plane proxies are ready 
⠁ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf, emojivoto/vote-bot-696
⠁ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf, emojivoto/vote-bot-696
⠉ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf, emojivoto/vote-bot-696
⠙ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf, emojivoto/vote-bot-696
⠚ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf, emojivoto/vote-bot-696
⠒ data plane proxy metrics are present in Prometheus -- Data plane metrics not found for emojivoto/emoji-8df6758bb-5hnqx, emojivoto/voting-5475cbcc54-lnjxg, emojivoto/web-5cdbcd84d-gn6zf,
....

Notice the data plane proxy metrics not found errors. This happens because our network policy is restricting the ingress traffic to the linkerd namespace.

On the Linkerd dashboard, we see that there are no metrics from the emojivoto namespace 😞.

Try to access the emojivoto web application at localhost:8080 using port forwarding.

$ kubectl -n emojivoto port-forward $(kubectl -n emojivoto get po -l app=web-svc -oname | cut -d/ -f 2) 8080:80

Notice that the application doesn’t load up all the emojis 😧.

Debugging It

Looking at the logs of the linkerd-proxy container of the web pod (after a few minutes), we see that it’s timing out while attempting to connect to the linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local:8086

$ kubectl -n emojivoto logs web-596f8df69d-mxj5j linkerd-proxy                                                                              
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main using controller at Some(Name(NameAddr { name: DnsName(DNSName("linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local")), port: 8086 })) 
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main routing on V4(127.0.0.1:4140) 
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main proxying on V4(0.0.0.0:4143) to None 
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main serving Prometheus metrics on V4(0.0.0.0:4191) 
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main protocol detection disabled for inbound ports {25, 3306} 
INFO linkerd2_proxy::app::main protocol detection disabled for outbound ports {25, 3306} 
INFO admin={bg=tls-config} linkerd2_proxy::transport::tls::config loaded TLS configuration. 
INFO admin={bg=tls-config} linkerd2_proxy::transport::tls::config loaded TLS configuration. 
INFO admin={bg=tls-config} linkerd2_proxy::transport::tls::config loaded TLS configuration. 
INFO admin={bg=tls-config} linkerd2_proxy::transport::tls::config loaded TLS configuration. 
INFO admin={bg=tls-config} linkerd2_proxy::transport::tls::config loaded TLS configuration. 
ERR! proxy={server=out listen=127.0.0.1:4140 remote=10.0.2.124:51888} linkerd2_proxy::proxy::http::router service error: operation timed out after 10s 
WARN linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local:8086 linkerd2_proxy::proxy::reconnect connect error to Config { addr: Name(NameAddr { name: DnsName(DNSName("linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local")), port
: 8086 }), tls_server_identity: Some(Identity(DnsName(DNSName("controller.deployment.linkerd.linkerd-managed.linkerd.svc.cluster.local")))), tls_config: Some(ClientConfig), backoff: 5s, connect_timeout: 3s }: C
onnection timed out (os error 110) (address: 172.16.10.238:8086)

When we try to target the linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd service from the emojivoto namespace using curl, we get a timeout error:

$ kubectl -n emojivoto run curl --image=appropriate/curl --rm -it --restart=Never --command -- curl -o - linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local:8086
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. 
curl: (7) Failed to connect to linkerd-proxy-api.linkerd.svc.cluster.local port 8086: Operation timed out 
pod emojivoto/curl terminated (Error)

(This works if the curl is run in the linkerd namespace.)

Fixing It

Apply the allow-meshed-ingress network policy to the linkerd namespace. This will allow traffic from the proxies in the emojivoto namespace to reach the control plane.

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl -n linkerd apply -f -
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-meshed-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {} # select all pods
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector: {}
      podSelector:
        matchExpressions:
        - key: linkerd.io/proxy-deployment
          operator: Exists
EOF

If automatic TLS is enabled via the — tls=optional flag, we will start to see some connection reset by peer errors on the Linkerd controller linkerd-proxy container. The remote IPs in the logs are those of the emojivoto pods.

$ kubectl -n linkerd logs -f linkerd-controller-699fd5656d-brfwh linkerd-proxy
...
INFO proxy={server=in listen=0.0.0.0:4143 remote=10.0.0.114:32944} linkerd2_proxy::proxy::tcp forward duplex error: Connection reset by peer (os error 104) 
INFO proxy={server=in listen=0.0.0.0:4143 remote=10.0.1.103:36094} linkerd2_proxy::proxy::tcp forward duplex error: Connection reset by peer (os error 104) 
INFO proxy={server=in listen=0.0.0.0:4143 remote=10.0.2.131:58888} linkerd2_proxy::proxy::tcp forward duplex error: Connection reset by peer (os error 104)
...

The next step isn’t necessary if automatic TLS isn’t enabled.

Label the linkerd namespace with a custom label.

$ kubectl label ns linkerd linkerd.io/control-plane-ns=linkerd

This label must match the selector that will be used in the following network policy.

Apply the allow-meshed-ingress network policy to the emojivoto namespace.

$ cat <<EOF | kubectl -n emojivoto apply -f -
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: allow-control-plane-ingress
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  ingress:
  - from:
    - namespaceSelector:
        matchLabels:
          linkerd.io/control-plane-ns: linkerd
EOF

This policy allows incoming traffic from the control plane components to the emojivoto namespace.

Does It Work?

After a few minutes, the dashboard starts displaying metrics from the emojivoto namespace 🎉 🎉 🎉

The emojivoto application also works as intended 🎆 🎆 🎆.

Let’s tap into some live traffic of the web component:

Use top to see sorted information about live traffic.

Grafana still works 👇 👏:

Conclusion

In this post, we deployed Linkerd 2.x to a Kubernetes cluster which uses network policy to secure pod-to-pod communication. First we applied a deny-all-ingress network policy to the linkerdand emojivoto namespaces. Then we deployed additional network policies to allow meshed traffic to be exchanged between the two namespaces.

We used the namespace and pod label selector in the ‘allow’ ingress rules. Another supported selector which wasn’t shown was the ipBlock selector. Refer the Kubernetes docs for more information.

Finally, shoutout to Ahmet Alp Balkan for the awesome recipes at https://github.com/ahmetb/kubernetes-network-policy-recipes. Check out his awesome post on Securing Kubernetes Cluster Networking.

Kubernetes
Linkerd

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Ivan Sim

Written by Ivan Sim

261 Followers

Software Engineer. He/him.

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